---
kind: "range"
citation: "42 U.S.C. §§ 13432–13437"
title: "42"
from: "13432"
to: "13437"
count: 6
release: "119-102"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/42/13432..13437"
---

# §13432. Advanced automotive fuel economy

- (a) **Program direction—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall conduct a [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), in accordance with sections [13541](/usc/42/13541.md) and [13542](/usc/42/13542.md) of this title, to supplement ongoing research activities of a similar nature at the Department of [Energy](/usc/42/6311.md?p=7), to accelerate the near-term and mid-term development of advanced technologies to improve the fuel economy of light-duty passenger vehicles powered by a piston engine, and hybrid vehicles powered by a combination of piston engine and electric motor.
- (b) **Program goal—** The goal of the [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) established under [subsection (a)](#a) shall be to stimulate the development of emerging technologies with the potential to achieve significant improvements in fuel economy while reducing emissions of air [pollutants](/usc/42/1397h.md?p=c-4).
- (c) **Proposals—** Within 1 year after October 24, 1992, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall solicit proposals for conducting activities under this section, making a special effort to involve small businesses in the [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4).

# §13433. Alternative fuel vehicle program

- (a) **Program direction—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall carry out a [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), in accordance with sections [13541](/usc/42/13541.md) and [13542](/usc/42/13542.md) of this title, on techniques related to improving natural gas and other [alternative fuel vehicle](#c-1) technology, including—
  - (1) fuel injection;
  - (2) carburetion;
  - (3) manifolding;
  - (4) combustion;
  - (5) power optimization;
  - (6) efficiency;
  - (7) lubricants and detergents;
  - (8) engine durability;
  - (9) ignition, including fuel additives to assist ignition;
  - (10) multifuel engines;
  - (11) emissions control, including catalysts;
  - (12) novel gas compression concepts;
  - (13) advanced storage systems;
  - (14) advanced gaseous fueling technologies; and
  - (15) the incorporation of advanced materials in these areas.
- (b) **Cooperative agreements and assistance—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) may enter into cooperative [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) with, and provide financial assistance to, public or [private entities](/usc/42/12181.md?p=6) willing to provide 50 percent of the costs of a [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) to perform activities under [subsection (a)](#a).
- (c) **Definitions—** For purposes of this section—
  - (1) the term “alternative fuel vehicle” means a [motor vehicle](#c-2) that operates on [alternative fuels](/usc/42/13431.md?p=d); and
  - (2) the term “motor vehicle” includes any automobile, truck, bus, van, or other on-road or off-road motor vehicle, including a boat.

# §13434. Biofuels user facility

- (a) The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall establish a biofuels user [facility](/usc/42/11049.md?p=4) to expedite industry adoption of biofuels technologies, including production of alcohol fuels from [biomass](/usc/42/16317.md?p=f-8-C).
- (b) The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md), through such universities and colleges as the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) determines are qualified, shall establish a [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), in accordance with sections [13541](/usc/42/13541.md) and [13542](/usc/42/13542.md) of this title, with respect to the production and use of diesel fuels from vegetable oils or animal fats. The [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) shall investigate—
  - (1) the economic feasibility of production of oilseed crops for biofuels purposes; and
  - (2) the establishment of a mobile small-scale oilseed pressing and esterification [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) and a stationary small-scale commercial oilseed pressing and esterification [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2).

# §13435. Electric motor vehicles and associated equipment research and development

- (a) **General—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall conduct, pursuant to the Federal Nonnuclear [Energy](/usc/42/6311.md?p=7) Research and Development Act of 1974 ([42 U.S.C. 5901–592](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(/us/usc/t42/s5901–592))0), a research and development [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) on [electric motor vehicles](#k-3) and [associated equipment](#k-2). Such [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) shall be conducted in cooperation with the electric utility industry, and automobile industry, battery [manufacturers](/usc/42/300aa–33.md?p=3), and such other [persons](/usc/42/1320a–7k.md?p=d-4-C-i) as the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) considers appropriate.
- (b) **Comprehensive plan—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall prepare a comprehensive 5-year [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) plan for carrying out the purposes of this section. Such comprehensive plan shall be updated biennially for a period of not less than 10 years after October 24, 1992.
  - (2) The comprehensive plan under [paragraph (1)](#b-1) shall be prepared in consultation with the [Administrator](/usc/42/4005.md?p=1) of the Environmental Protection Agency, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) of Transportation, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) of [Commerce](/usc/42/6311.md?p=7), the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, [representatives](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5) of the electric utility industry, [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) [manufacturers](/usc/42/300aa–33.md?p=3), the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) automobile industry, and such other [persons](/usc/42/1320a–7k.md?p=d-4-C-i) as the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) considers appropriate.
  - (3) The comprehensive plan shall include—
    - (A) a prioritization of research areas critical to the commercialization of [electric motor vehicles](#k-3), including [advanced battery technology](#k-1);
    - (B) the [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) elements, management structure, and activities, including [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) responsibilities, of Federal agencies;
    - (C) the [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) strategies, including technical milestones to be achieved toward specific goals during each fiscal year of the comprehensive plan for all major activities and [projects](/usc/42/11360.md?p=20);
    - (D) the estimated costs of individual [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) elements, including estimated costs for each of the fiscal years of the comprehensive plan for each of the participating Federal agencies;
    - (E) a description of the methods of technology transfer;
    - (F) a proposal for participation by non-Federal entities in the implementation of the comprehensive plan; and
    - (G) such other information as the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) considers appropriate.
  - (4) Not later than 180 days after October 24, 1992, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall transmit the comprehensive plan to the Congress. Biennial updates shall be submitted to the Congress.
- (c) **Cooperative agreements—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md), consistent with the comprehensive plan under [subsection (b)](#b), may enter into cooperative [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) to conduct research and development [projects](/usc/42/11360.md?p=20) with industry in such areas of technology development as—
  - (1) high efficiency electric power trains, including advanced motors, motor controllers, and hybrid power trains for [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) range improvement;
  - (2) light-weight structures for [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) weight reduction;
  - (3) advanced batteries with high [energy](/usc/42/6311.md?p=7) density and power density, and improved range or recharging cycles for a given [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) weight, for [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) application;
  - (4) hybrid power trains incorporating an electric motor and recyclable battery charged by an onboard liquid fuel engine, designed to significantly improve fuel economies while maintaining acceleration characteristics comparable to a conventionally fueled vehicle;
  - (5) batteries and fuel cells for [electric-hybrid vehicle](#k-4) application;
  - (6) fuel cells and fuel cell systems for primary [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) power sources; and
  - (7) photovoltaics for use with [electric motor vehicles](#k-3).
- (d) **Solicitation of proposals—**
  - (1) Within one year after October 24, 1992, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall solicit proposals for cooperative [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) for research and development under [subsection (c)](#c).
  - (2) Thereafter, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) may solicit additional proposals for cooperative [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) under [subsection (c)](#c) if, in the judgment of the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md), such cooperative [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) could contribute to the development of [electric motor vehicles](#k-3) and [associated equipment](#k-2).
- (e) **Cost-sharing—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall require at least 50 percent of the costs directly and specifically related to any cooperative [agreement](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) under this section, other than a cooperative [agreement](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) under [subsection (j)](#j), to be from non-Federal sources. Such share may be in the form of cash, personnel, services, equipment, and other resources.
  - (2) The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) may reduce the amount of costs required to be provided by non-Federal sources under [paragraph (1)](#e-1), if the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) determines that the reduction is necessary and appropriate—
    - (A) considering the technological risks involved in the [project](/usc/42/11360.md?p=20); and
    - (B) in order to meet the objectives of this section.
- (f) **Deployment—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall conduct a [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) designed to accelerate deployment of [advanced battery technologies](#k-1) for use with [electric motor vehicles](#k-3).
  - (2) In carrying out the [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) authorized by this subsection, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall—
    - (A) undertake an [inventory](/usc/42/4370m.md?p=14) and assessment of [advanced battery technologies](#k-1) and [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) technologies and the commercial capability of such technologies; and
    - (B) develop a Federal industry information [exchange](/usc/42/300gg–91.md?p=d-21) [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) to improve the deployment or use of such technologies, which may consist of workshops, publications, conferences, and a data base for use by the public and private sectors.
- (g) **Domestic parts manufacturers—** In carrying out this section, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md), in consultation with the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) of [Commerce](/usc/42/6311.md?p=7), shall issue regulations to ensure that the procurement [practices](/usc/42/17061.md?p=19) of participating [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) and [associated equipment](#k-2) [manufacturers](/usc/42/300aa–33.md?p=3) do not discriminate against the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) [manufacturers](/usc/42/300aa–33.md?p=3) of vehicle parts.
- (h) **Hold harmless—** Nothing in this section shall be construed to alter, affect, modify, or change any activities or [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) initiated prior to October 24, 1992, with domestic [motor vehicle](/usc/42/13211.md?p=13) [manufacturers](/usc/42/300aa–33.md?p=3) through joint venture or [consortium](/usc/42/16282.md?p=d-4) [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) regarding batteries for [electric motor vehicles](#k-3).
- (i) **Consultation—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall consult with the [Administrator](/usc/42/4005.md?p=1) of the Environmental Protection Agency and the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) of Transportation in carrying out this section.
- (j) **Fuel cells for transportation—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall develop and implement a comprehensive [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) of research, development, and demonstration of fuel cells and related systems for transportation applications through the establishment of one or more cooperative [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) among industry, government, and research institutions to develop and demonstrate the use of fuel cells as the primary power source for private and mass transit vehicles and other mobile applications.
  - (2) Research, development, and demonstration activities under this subsection shall be designed to incorporate one or more of the following priorities:
    - (A) The potential for near-term to mid-term commercialization.
    - (B) The ability of the systems to use a variety of renewable and nonfossil fuels.
    - (C) Emission reduction and [energy](/usc/42/6311.md?p=7) conservation potential.
    - (D) The potential to utilize fuel cells and fuel cell systems developed under Department of Defense and National Aeronautics and Space Administration [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4).
    - (E) The potential to take maximum practical advantage of advances made in [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) research, [stationary source](/usc/42/7412.md?p=a-3) fuel cell research, and other research activities authorized by this subchapter.
  - (3)
    - (A) Research, development, and [demonstration projects](/usc/42/16281.md?p=d-2) selected by the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) under this subsection shall apply to—
      - (i) passenger vehicles;
      - (ii) vans and utility vehicles;
      - (iii) light rail systems and locomotives;
      - (iv) trucks, including long-haul trucks, dump trucks, and garbage trucks;
      - (v) passenger buses;
      - (vi) non-chlorofluorocarbon mobile refrigeration systems;
      - (vii) marine vessels, including recreational marine engines; or
      - (viii) mobile engines and power generation, including recreational generators, and industrial and [construction](/usc/42/7479.md?p=2-C) equipment.
    - (B) The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall establish [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) to undertake research, development, and demonstration activities for the applications listed in [clauses (i) through (viii)](#j-3-A-i..j-3-A-viii) of subparagraph (A) in each of fiscal years 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996, based on the priorities established in [paragraph (2)](#j-2), so that by the end of the period, research, development, and demonstration activities are under way for the applications under each such clause. The [initiatives](/usc/42/19131.md?p=1) authorized and implemented pursuant to this subsection shall be in addition to any other fuel cell [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) authorized in existing law.
- (k) **Definitions—** For purposes of this section—
  - (1) the term “advanced battery technology” means electrochemical storage devices and systems, including fuel cells, and associated technology necessary to charge, discharge, recharge, or regenerate such devices, for use as a source of power for an [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) and any other [associated equipment](#k-2);
  - (2) the term “associated equipment” means equipment necessary for the regeneration, refueling, or recharging of batteries or other forms of electric energy used to power an [electric motor vehicle](#k-3) and, in the case of [electric-hybrid vehicles](#k-4), such term includes nonpetroleum-related equipment necessary for, and solely related to, the demonstration of such vehicles;
  - (3) the term “electric motor vehicle” means a [motor vehicle](/usc/42/13211.md?p=13) primarily powered by an electric motor that draws current from rechargeable storage batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaic arrays, or other sources of electric current and may include an [electric-hybrid vehicle](#k-4); and
  - (4) the term “electric-hybrid vehicle” means vehicle primarily powered by an electric motor that draws current from rechargeable storage batteries, fuel cells, or other sources of electric current and also relies on a nonelectric source of power that also operates on or is capable of operating on a nonelectrical source of power.

# [§13436. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–271, title I, § 103(b)(2), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3306 — repealed]



# §13437. Advanced diesel emissions program

- (a) **Program direction—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall initiate a 5-year [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), in accordance with sections [13541](/usc/42/13541.md) and [13542](/usc/42/13542.md) of this title, on diesel engine combustion and engine systems, related advanced materials, and fuels and lubricants to reduce emissions oxides of nitrogen and particulates. Activities conducted under this [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) shall supplement activities of a similar nature at the Department of [Energy](/usc/42/6311.md?p=7). Such [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) shall include field demonstrations of sufficient scale and number in operating environments to prove technical and economic viability to meet the goal stated in [subsection (b)](#b).
- (b) **Program goal—** The goal of the [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) established under [subsection (a)](#a) shall be to accelerate the ability of [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) diesel [manufacturers](/usc/42/300aa–33.md?p=3) to meet current and future oxides of nitrogen and particulate emissions requirements.
- (c) **Program plan—** Within 180 days after October 24, 1992, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md), in consultation with appropriate [representatives](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5) of industry, institutions of higher education, Federal agencies, including [national laboratories](/usc/42/7381c–1.md?p=a-3), and professional and technical societies, shall prepare and submit to the Congress a 5-year [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) plan to guide the activities under this section. Such plan shall be included as part of the plan required by [section 13431(b) of this title](/usc/42/13431.md?p=b).
- (d) **Solicitation of proposals—** Within 1 year after October 24, 1992, the [Secretary](/usc/42/13201.md) shall solicit proposals for conducting activities consistent with the 5-year [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) plan.